Got it ✅ You want B.Pharm 3rd Semester – Microbiology Notes (Unit-1) in a clear, easy-to-study format with diagrams.
Let’s make structured notes covering Unit-1: Introduction to Microbiology.
—
B.Pharm 3rd Semester – Microbiology Notes
Unit-1: Introduction to Microbiology
—
1. Definition & Scope of Microbiology
Microbiology = Study of microorganisms (microscopic living organisms).
Includes:
Bacteria (unicellular, prokaryotes)
Viruses (acellular, non-living outside host)
Fungi (unicellular yeast, multicellular molds)
Protozoa (unicellular eukaryotes)
Algae (unicellular/multicellular, photosynthetic)
Applications in Pharmacy:
Antibiotic production (Penicillin, Streptomycin)
Vaccine development (BCG, Polio, Hepatitis B)
Biotechnology (Insulin via recombinant DNA)
Fermentation (alcohol, vitamins, enzymes)
Quality control (sterility testing, pyrogen testing)
—
2. Historical Landmarks in Microbiology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek → First to observe microbes (1676).
Louis Pasteur → Germ theory of disease, pasteurization, rabies vaccine.
Robert Koch → Koch’s postulates, discovered causative agents of TB, Cholera, Anthrax.
Joseph Lister → Introduced antiseptic surgery.
Alexander Fleming → Discovered Penicillin (1928).
—
3. Classification of Microorganisms
A. Based on Cell Type
Prokaryotes: Bacteria, Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria).
Eukaryotes: Fungi, Protozoa, Algae.
Acellular: Viruses.
B. Based on Staining
Gram-positive bacteria (Thick peptidoglycan wall).
Gram-negative bacteria (Thin wall + outer membrane).
—
4. Structure of Bacterial Cell
Main structures:
1. Cell wall – Provides shape, rigidity (contains peptidoglycan).
2. Cell membrane – Selective permeability.
3. Cytoplasm – Contains ribosomes, enzymes.
4. Nucleoid – Circular DNA, no true nucleus.
5. Plasmids – Extra-chromosomal DNA.
6. Ribosomes (70S) – Protein synthesis.
7. Flagella – Motility.
8. Pili/Fimbriae – Attachment, conjugation.
9. Capsule/Slime layer – Protection from phagocytosis.
—
Diagram: Structure of a Bacterial Cell
_________ Capsule/Slime Layer _________
| |
| Cell Wall (Peptidoglycan) |
| Plasma Membrane |
| |
Flagellum —-> O |
| Nucleoid (DNA) |
| Ribosomes |
| Plasmid |
| |
——————————-
—
5. Microscopy in Microbiology
Simple microscope – Single lens.
Compound microscope – Multiple lenses (bright-field).
Phase contrast microscope – For live, unstained cells.
Electron microscope – High resolution (TEM, SEM).
—
6. Sterilization & Disinfection (Introduction)
Sterilization – Complete removal of all forms of microorganisms.
Methods: Autoclave, Dry heat, Filtration, Radiation.
Disinfection – Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms (not spores).
—
✅ These are Unit-1 concise notes with diagrammatic representation for quick revision + exam writing.